A Complete Grammar of Esperanto (57)
LESSON LVII.
CLAUSES EXPRESSING PURPOSE.
262. Purpose may be expressed by a subordinate imperative clause,
introduced by "por ke":
Mi faras ghin por ke li helpu vin,
I do it in order that he may help you.
Mi ekkriis por ke vi audu,
I cried out in order that you should hear.
Li venos por ke ni estu felichaj,
he will come that we may be happy.
Mi studas por ke mi lernu,
I study that I may learn.
Ili restu por ke ni punu ilin,
let them stay for us to punish them.
[Footnote: Cf. the expression of purpose by the infinitive with "por"
(98), which however cannot be used except when the subject of the main
verb is the subject of the subordinate verb, or when the object of the
main verb is the subject of the subordinate verb.]
FURTHER USES OF THE ACCUSATIVE.
[Footnote: Cf. the accusative of direct object (23), direction of motion
(46, 121), time (91), and measure (139).]
263. The accusative of direction of motion is used after nouns from
roots expressing motion:
Lia eniro en la urbon estis subita,
his entrance into the city was sudden.
La irado tien estos plezuro,
(the) going thither will be a pleasure.
Ghia falado teren timigis min,
its falling earthward terrified me.
264. a. An intransitive verb may be followed by a noun in the accusative
case, if the meaning of the noun is related to that of the verb:
Li vivas agrablan vivon, he lives an agreeable life.
Shi dancis belan dancon, she danced a beautiful dance.
Ili ploris maldolchajn larmojn, they wept bitter tears.
b. Verbs of motion ("iri", "veni", "pasi", "marshi", "veturi", etc.)
compounded with prepositions or adverbs (121) indicating direction,
also compounds of such verbs as "esti" and "stari" with prepositions
expressing situation, may be followed by the accusative, instead of by
a prepositional phrase in which the preposition is repeated:
La viro preterpasis la domon,
the man passed (by) the house.
Lin antauvenis du sklavoj,
there preceded (came before) him two slaves.
Ni supreniru la shtuparon,
let us go up the stairs.
Mi cheestis la feston,
I attended (was present at) the entertainment.
Mi kontraustaras vian opinion,
I oppose (withstand) your opinion.
c. The slight change in meaning given by "pri" used as a prefix may
render intransitive verbs transitive. The same is true of "el" prefixed
to intransitive verbs not expressing motion:
Shi priploris la mortintan birdon, she mourned the dead bird.
Mi pripensos la aferon, I shall consider (think over) the matter.
Ni ghin priparolos, we shall talk it over.
Li klare elparolas la vortojn, he pronounces the words clearly.
[Footnote: In this use "pri" resembles the English and German
inseparable prefix "be-", as in English "bemoan", "bewail", "bethink",
"bespeak", German "beklagen", "besprechen", "sich" , etc.]
265. The accusative may be used after verbs of such meaning that either
a prepositional phrase or an accusative would seem correct:
Mi pardonas lin (al li), I pardon (grant pardon to) him.
Mi helpis lin (al li), I helped (gave aid to) him.
Ghi plachas min (al mi), it pleases (is pleasing to) me.
Li obeis nin (al ni), he obeyed (was obedient to) us.
Shi ridis mian timon (je mia timo),
she ridiculed (laughed at) my fear.
[Footnote: When ambiguity would be caused, as by the presence of another
accusative, this construction may not be employed. One may say "pardonu
nin", but must say "pardonu al ni niajn pekojn".]
266. The accusative may be used after certain adverbs which are normally
followed by a prepositional phrase:
Rilate tion (rilate al tio), in regard to that.
Escepte tion (escepte de tio), with the exception of that.
Koncerne la aferon (koncerne je la afero), concerning the affair.
Kompare la alian (kompare kun la alia), in comparison with the other.
Konforme la leghon (konforme al la legho), in conformity to the law.
CLAUSES EXPRESSING PURPOSE.
262. Purpose may be expressed by a subordinate imperative clause,
introduced by "por ke":
Mi faras ghin por ke li helpu vin,
I do it in order that he may help you.
Mi ekkriis por ke vi audu,
I cried out in order that you should hear.
Li venos por ke ni estu felichaj,
he will come that we may be happy.
Mi studas por ke mi lernu,
I study that I may learn.
Ili restu por ke ni punu ilin,
let them stay for us to punish them.
[Footnote: Cf. the expression of purpose by the infinitive with "por"
(98), which however cannot be used except when the subject of the main
verb is the subject of the subordinate verb, or when the object of the
main verb is the subject of the subordinate verb.]
FURTHER USES OF THE ACCUSATIVE.
[Footnote: Cf. the accusative of direct object (23), direction of motion
(46, 121), time (91), and measure (139).]
263. The accusative of direction of motion is used after nouns from
roots expressing motion:
Lia eniro en la urbon estis subita,
his entrance into the city was sudden.
La irado tien estos plezuro,
(the) going thither will be a pleasure.
Ghia falado teren timigis min,
its falling earthward terrified me.
264. a. An intransitive verb may be followed by a noun in the accusative
case, if the meaning of the noun is related to that of the verb:
Li vivas agrablan vivon, he lives an agreeable life.
Shi dancis belan dancon, she danced a beautiful dance.
Ili ploris maldolchajn larmojn, they wept bitter tears.
b. Verbs of motion ("iri", "veni", "pasi", "marshi", "veturi", etc.)
compounded with prepositions or adverbs (121) indicating direction,
also compounds of such verbs as "esti" and "stari" with prepositions
expressing situation, may be followed by the accusative, instead of by
a prepositional phrase in which the preposition is repeated:
La viro preterpasis la domon,
the man passed (by) the house.
Lin antauvenis du sklavoj,
there preceded (came before) him two slaves.
Ni supreniru la shtuparon,
let us go up the stairs.
Mi cheestis la feston,
I attended (was present at) the entertainment.
Mi kontraustaras vian opinion,
I oppose (withstand) your opinion.
c. The slight change in meaning given by "pri" used as a prefix may
render intransitive verbs transitive. The same is true of "el" prefixed
to intransitive verbs not expressing motion:
Shi priploris la mortintan birdon, she mourned the dead bird.
Mi pripensos la aferon, I shall consider (think over) the matter.
Ni ghin priparolos, we shall talk it over.
Li klare elparolas la vortojn, he pronounces the words clearly.
[Footnote: In this use "pri" resembles the English and German
inseparable prefix "be-", as in English "bemoan", "bewail", "bethink",
"bespeak", German "beklagen", "besprechen", "sich" , etc.]
265. The accusative may be used after verbs of such meaning that either
a prepositional phrase or an accusative would seem correct:
Mi pardonas lin (al li), I pardon (grant pardon to) him.
Mi helpis lin (al li), I helped (gave aid to) him.
Ghi plachas min (al mi), it pleases (is pleasing to) me.
Li obeis nin (al ni), he obeyed (was obedient to) us.
Shi ridis mian timon (je mia timo),
she ridiculed (laughed at) my fear.
[Footnote: When ambiguity would be caused, as by the presence of another
accusative, this construction may not be employed. One may say "pardonu
nin", but must say "pardonu al ni niajn pekojn".]
266. The accusative may be used after certain adverbs which are normally
followed by a prepositional phrase:
Rilate tion (rilate al tio), in regard to that.
Escepte tion (escepte de tio), with the exception of that.
Koncerne la aferon (koncerne je la afero), concerning the affair.
Kompare la alian (kompare kun la alia), in comparison with the other.
Konforme la leghon (konforme al la legho), in conformity to the law.